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ISSN:
3073
-
1356
101
Article
Non
-
compliance with regulations on u
rban
wildlife
management in Ecuador: A systematic r
eview
Inobservancia
de la normativa
sobre
manejo de fauna
urbana en Ecuador.
Revisión sistemática
Jose Humberto
Vera
Rodriguez
1
,
*
,
Gloria Beatriz
Cabrera
Suarez
2
,
Gustavo Adolfo
Hidalgo
Bravo
3
,
Orlando Mauricio
Erazo
Quishpe
4
and
Cesar
Alejandro Carrillo Cedeño
5
1
Universidad Agraria del Ecuador, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia,
Guayaquil, Ecuador 091307
;
https://orcid.org/0000
-
0003
-
3027
-
059X
2
Universidad Agraria del Ecuador, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia,
Guayaquil, Ecuador 091307;
https://orcid.org/0000
-
0001
-
8444
-
4861
;
gbcabrera@uagraria.edu.ec
3
Universidad Agraria del Ecuador, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia,
Guayaquil, Ecuador 091307;
https://orcid.org/00
00
-
0001
-
7855
-
6402
;
ghidalgo@uagraria.edu.ec
4
Universidad
Agraria del Ecuador, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia,
Guayaquil, Ecuador 091307;
https://orcid.org/
0009
-
0004
-
6035
-
078X
;
oquishpe@uagraria.edu.ec
5
Universidad Agraria del Ecuador, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia,
Guayaquil, Ecuad
or 091307;
https://orcid.org/0000
-
0003
-
0369
-
5154
;
ccarrillo@uagraria.edu.ec
*
C
orrespondenc
e
:
jhvera@uagraria.edu.ec
https://doi.org/10.70881/mcj/v3/n4/94
Abstract:
The objective of this study was to identify non
-
compliance with regulations
governing the management of urban wildlife in Ecuador. Using an exploratory
literature review methodology that followed the PRISMA guidelines, articles and
regulatory documents covering the period (2015
-
2025) on the regulation of urban
wildlife in Ecuador
and the extent of non
-
compliance were sought. Databases such as
Scopus, Web of Science, and Latindex were used, along with specific keywords.
Documents were selected first by title/abstract and then by full text to analyze the lack
of adherence to current
regulations. The results indicate that, internationally, there is
a growing recognition of animals as sentient beings, a new ethical and legal paradigm
adopted in Latin America. Ecuador has a robust legal framework protecting urban
wildlife, based on the c
onstitutional recognition of the rights of nature, the
Comprehensive Organic Criminal Code (COIP), and local regulations (GADs).
However, the effectiveness of this framework is undermined by citizen and institutional
non
-
compliance. Abuse, abandonment, and
lack of reproductive control persist due to
bureaucracy, insufficient state budgets, a backlog of complaints, and uneven
implementation and dissemination of ordinances at the local level. A comprehensive
strategy is needed as a solution, including rigorou
s enforcement of sanctions,
prioritization of mass sterilization, and ongoing education to ensure animal welfare
and the fulfillment of the principles of Good Living.
Keywords:
Contempt; violation; non
-
compliance; law; pets
.
Resumen:
El objetivo del
estudio consistió en identificar el i
ncumplimiento
de la normativa del manejo de fauna urbana en Ecuador
, bajo l
a metodología
de
revisión bibliográfica exploratoria que siguió las pautas PRISMA
,
s
e
buscaron artículos y documentos normativos
durante el peri
odo
(2015
-
2025)
sobre la regulación de fauna urbana en Ecuador y su incumplimiento,
utilizando bases de datos como Scopus
, WOS, Latindex
y palabras clave
Cit
ation
:
Vera Rodríguez, J. H.,
Cabrera Suarez, G. B., Hidalgo
Bravo, G. A., Erazo Quishpe, O.
M., & Carrillo Cedeño, C. A.
(2025). Inobservancia de la
normativa sobre manejo de fauna
urbana en Ecuador. Revisión
sistemática.
Mu
ltidisciplinary
Collaborative Journal
,
3
(4), 101
-
110.
https://doi.org/10.70881/mcj/
v3/n4/94
Received
:
27
/
10
/20
25
Revised
:
25
/
11
/20
25
Accepted
:
28
/
11
/20
25
Published
:
01
/
12
/20
25
Copyright:
©
2025 by the
authors. This article is an open
access article distributed under
the terms and condit
ions
of the
Creative Commons Attribution
(CC BY) license
(
https://creativecommons.org/lice
nses/by
-
nc/4.0/
)
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específicas
,
l
a selección
de documentos
se hizo por título/resumen y luego
por texto completo para ana
lizar la falta de adherencia a la normativa vigente.
Los resultados indican que, a
nivel internacional,
existe un reconocimiento
de los animales como s
e
res
sintientes
,
un nuevo paradigma ético y legal
adoptado en América Latina
, siendo así,
Ecuador cuenta con un marco legal
robusto que protege a la fauna urbana, basado en el reconocimiento
constitucional de los derechos de la naturaleza, el Código Orgánico Integral
Penal (COIP) y normativas locales (GADs). Sin embargo, la efectividad de
este
marco se ve mermada por la inobservancia ciudadana e institucional.
Persisten el maltrato, el abandono y la falta de control reproductivo debido a
la burocracia,
falta de recursos económicos dentro del presupuesto estatales,
la saturación de denuncias y l
a desigual implementación y socialización de
las ordenanzas a nivel local.
Como solución, se
requiere una estrategia
integral con aplicación rigurosa de sanciones, priorización de la esterilización
masiva y educación continua para asegurar el bienestar ani
mal y el
cumplimiento del Buen Vivir.
Palabras clave:
Desacato
;
i
nfracción
;
i
nobservancia
;
ley
;
mascotas
.
1.
I
ntroduction
Worldwide, cities have experienced accelerated growth, and Ecuador is no exception.
This has led to an inevitable and complex
coexistence between natural ecosystems and
urban environments (Panchana et al., 2025). In this context, urban fauna includes
domestic animals such as dogs and cats, as well as wild species that have adapted their
ecological niche to the city. These species
become a crucial component of local
biodiversity (Jansen & Hobohm, 2021), but also a significant source of challenges for
public health, citizen safety, and, fundamentally, for animal welfare and conservation
(Kmetiuk et al., 2025).
The
management of this cohabiting fauna is subject to a legal and regulatory framework
that, in the Ecuadorian case, seeks to regulate aspects such as responsible pet
ownership, population control, the management of wildlife in urban areas, and the
prevention
of animal abuse (Pozo
-
Pérez et al., 2024). However, the mere existence of
regulations, no matter how well
-
intentioned, does not guarantee their effective
implementation (Paucar
-
Tene et al., 2024). The reality in municipalities and cities across
the country
often reveals a considerable gap between what is stipulated by law and
everyday management practices, which manifests in persistent problems such as the
overpopulation of stray animals and the illegal trafficking of species (Samaniego
-
Braganza & Centeno
-
M
aldonado, 2024).
The issue lies in regulatory non
-
compliance, a multifactorial phenomenon that goes
beyond mere citizen disobedience (Guaya, 2025). Frequently, this non
-
compliance is
rooted in structural weaknesses within the very entities responsible, suc
h as local
governments, environmental control agencies, and police forces (Álvarez & Morejon,
2022). The lack of financial resources, trained personnel, effective interinstitutional
coordination, and insufficient political will are key factors that undermi
ne the capacity of
these entities to implement the plans and programs required for sustainable and ethical
fauna management (Andrade Muñoz & Moncada Rangel, 2022).
This panorama of regulatory inaction acquires a critical dimension when analyzed from
the pe
rspective of Bioethics (Mendoza Escalante & Subía Cabrera, 2023). Bioethics, as
a discipline that examines moral issues arising in the fields of life sciences and health,
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provides the necessary framework to evaluate the actions and omissions of society and
the State toward urban fauna (Henriquez Ramírez, 2023). The principle of Non
-
Maleficence and the concept of Animal Welfare become ethical pillars that demand
respectful treatment and the mitigation of suffering, directly confronting negligent or cruel
pra
ctices resulting from noncompliance (Hasim et al., 2025).
Management by responsible entities is, in essence, either the driving force or the
obstacle to solut
ions. Analyzing how efforts are or are not
coordinated among the
Ministry of Environment, municipa
l fauna departments, rescue centers, and civil society
is fundamental. Deficient management not only perpetuates the problem of stray animals
but also generates a vacuum of authority that is sometimes filled by informal initiatives
or, worse, by harmful pr
actices that contravene principles of conservation and public
health (Abdulkarim et al., 2021).
Proper management of urban fauna is not merely a matter of aesthetics or health, but a
fundamental test of a society’s maturity in its relationship with the nat
ural world and its
commitment to the ethics of life (Munir et al., 2023). This study seeks to determine the
extent to which deficits in management by competent entities negatively impact animal
welfare and the ecosystemic health of cities, establishing a c
lear causal link between
administrative inefficiency and ethical deterioration.
The present research focuses on elucidating the root causes and tangible consequences
of noncompliance with Ecuadorian regulations for urban fauna management, using
Bioethics a
s an analytical lens. Ultimately, the objective of the study is to contribute to
the development of stronger, ethical, and enforceable public policies in Ecuador,
ensuring that coexistence between humans and urban fauna unfolds under standards of
sustainab
ility and compassion.
2. Methodology
This exploratory study was based on a bibliographic review methodology to evaluate
current literature and determine the lack of adherence to existing regulations on fauna
management in urban environments in
Ecuador. The systematic review was conducted
following the guidelines of the PRISMA method (Preferred Reporting Items for
Systematic Reviews and Meta
-
Analyses).
2.1 Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion:
Original research articles, systematic reviews, meta
-
analys
es, and regulatory
documents were accepted. The timeframe was restricted to the last ten years (2015
–
2025). Priority was given to works focused on Ecuadorian urban fauna regulations and
violations of this law.
Exclusion:
All studies outside the aforementio
ned documentary categories and those
published outside the 2015
–
2025 period were excluded.
2.2 Search and Selection Process
Application of Criteria: The following keywords were used during the search to obtain
publications: “urban fauna”; “animal welfare r
egulations”; “bioethics”; “animal protection”;
“animals as subjects of rights”; “urban fauna management.” The use of these keywords
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allowed the selection of articles addressing the main topics related to regulations on
urban fauna management in Ecuador and
their noncompliance.
The information search was conducted in the electronic databases Scopus, WOS,
Sci
ELO
, Latindex, and the academic literature search engine Google Scholar. Keywords
and their combinations were applied using Boolean operators (AND, OR, N
OT). The
search was carried out in both English and Spanish, supported by the UNESCO
Thesaurus (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization).
2.3 Study Selection
First, documents were filtered by reviewing their titles and abstracts to
verify compliance
with the inclusion criteria. Finally, the studies that passed the first phase were analyzed
in full text to confirm their suitability for the review.
2.4 Structure of the Synthesis
The information obtained was organized into two main
components:
1.
Identification of studies related to the regulation of urban fauna management in
Ecuador.
2.
Detailed analysis of the nonobservance or noncompliance with such regulations
in the Ecuadorian context.
2.5 Review Flow
Figure 1 represents the PRISMA Fl
ow Diagram, which illustrates the sequential process
of study selection. This scheme covers the essential phases of the PRISMA
methodology: search, selection, eligibility assessment, and final inclusion
.
Figure 1.
PRISMA flow diagram for document selectio
n.
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3
.
R
esults and Discussion
3.1 International Legal Framework for Urban Fauna Management
The World
Organization
for Animal Health (WOAH) recognizes animals as sentient
beings (Thompson et al., 2024), prompting other global organizations to adopt a new
paradigm of ethical and legal obligations. This paradigm is being progressively
incorporated in Latin A
merica through the inclusion of criminal regulations in different
countries (Lozada & López, 2024), underscoring the need for Ecuador to strengthen its
own legal measures for animal protection.
The fundamental purpose of international regulations is to saf
eguard the essential needs
of animals, consolidated with the inclusion of Article 13 in the Treaty on the Functioning
of the European Union (2009), which established an explicit state obligation to guarantee
animal welfare by formally recognizing animals a
s beings capable of feeling (European
Total documents
selected from
databases
Articles 84
Norm 3
Documents in the
selection phase
Article 68
Norm 3
Documents excluded due
to title unrelated to the
topic of study, year of
publication, and
duplicates
Article 16
Norm 3
Documents excluded
based on abstract review
that do not meet eligibility
criteria
Article 13
Norm 2
Eligible full
-
text
documents
Article 55
Norm
2
Documents excluded by
reading the full text that
do not meet the eligibility
criteria
Article 19
Norm 1
Documents included
in the final research
Articles 35
Norm 1
Document search
Selection
Eligibility
Included Documents
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Union, 2010).
3.2 Ecuadorian Legal Framework for urban fauna m
anagement
Ecuadorian legislation establishes animal protection based on the constitutional
recognition of nature as a subject of rights (Torres, 2024; Salv
ador & Orozco, 2024),
complemented by the administrative efficiency of the Organic Administrative Code (COA
,
according its acronyms in Spanish
) (Alvarado
-
Vélez, 2024), animal welfare regulations
(Bustos & Terán, 2018), and the local jurisdiction of the Org
anic Environmental Code
(COAM
,
according its acronyms in Spanish
) (Moscoso, 2019). This structure has
translated into the effective implementation of public policies for urban fauna care
(Andrade Muñoz & Moncada Rangel, 2022), with key ordinances particula
rly in leading
Ecuadorian cities (Gaspar
-
Santos et al., 2022; Verdy Martinez et al., 2022; Caicedo et
al., 2023; Echeverría
-
Galindo & Moncada
-
Rangel, 2024; Ula
-
Quinchuela & Falconi
-
Herrera, 2024; Lucio & Díaz
-
Cruces, 2025).
Despite having a robust regulato
ry framework, its true effectiveness depends on the
commitment of institutions to ensure diligent and transparent enforcement, with agile and
clear responses to citizen complaints being crucial.
3.3 Non
-
compliance with Urban Fauna Management
Regulations in Ecuador
Non
-
compliance with urban fauna management regulations in Ecuador is evident in the
persistence of mistreatment, abandonment, and lack of reproductive control of
companion animals, despite the existence of a legal framework
intended to protect them.
At the criminal level, the Comprehensive Organic Criminal Code (COIP
, according its
acronyms in Spanish
) penalizes injuries and the killing of urban fauna with prison
sentences, highlighting the seriousness with which violence aga
inst animals is
addressed (Erazo & Fuertes, 2023; León et al., 2022). However, the effectiveness of this
legislation is undermined by the absence of an agile administrative system, the saturation
of complaints, and the shortage of personnel or resources fo
r effective enforcement and
sanctioning of violations.
A crucial challenge lies in the unequal implementation and dissemination of regulations
at the local level. Although responsibility for urban fauna management falls to
Decentralized Autonomous Municipa
l or Metropolitan Governments (GADs
, according
its acronyms in Spanish
) (Vallejo & Carvajal, 2020), as established in the Organic Code
of Territorial Organization, Autonomy and Decentralization (COOTAD
, according its
acronyms in Spanish
) and reinforced in
the Organic Health Law under its Health Code
(COS), not all cantons have specific ordinances regulating responsible ownership,
registration, mass sterilization, and ethical animal control. Existing ordinances, such as
those in Cuenca or Metropolitan Quito,
explicitly prohibit street animal sales, permanent
chaining, and non
-
therapeutic mutilations (Paucar
-
Tene et al., 2024). Nevertheless,
inadequate dissemination of these regulations and limited investment in citizen
education programs on animal welfare and
responsible ownership contribute to
noncompliance, maintaining high rates of stray animals exposed to disease and traffic
accidents.
Citizen responsibility in noncompliance is a determining factor. Most local regulations
require owners to register their p
ets, provide adequate hygienic and sanitary conditions,
and prevent them from roaming unsupervised in public spaces (Atiencia & Choco, 2022;
Andrade & Rangel, 2022; Erazo & Fuertes, 2023). Failure to comply with these basi
c
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duties results in abandonment,
o
ne of the most common
prohibitions across ordinances
which generates large
-
scale public health and animal welfare problems.
The effectiveness of Ecuador’s legal framework requires not only rigorous enforcement
of stipulated sanctions, which may range from
fines to animal removal depending on
severity (Jiménez
-
Quito & Durán
-
Ramírez, 2024; Villarreal
-
Lugmaña et al., 2025;
Montoya, 2024), but also a comprehensive management strategy prioritizing mass
sterilization, ethical rescue, and continuous education. Suc
h measures foster
harmonious coexistence and compliance with the principle of
Buen Vivir (‘Good Living’)
,
which in the Ecuadorian context encompasses the protection of nature’s rights and
animal welfare.
4
.
C
onclusion
The Ecuadorian legal framework for ur
ban fauna management is firmly anchored in an
international paradigm that recognizes animals as sentient beings, as promoted by the
World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH)
. At the national level, this ethical
obligation is translated into a robust lega
l framework that constitutionally recognizes
nature as a subject of rights and is complemented by codes such as the COA, COAM,
and COIP. This system has enabled the creation of effective public policies and local
ordinances in leading cities, demonstrating
the State’s willingness to comply with the
principles of animal welfare. Nevertheless, the true strength of this regime lies not only
in its existence but in its diligent and transparent application by competent institutions.
Despite the solidity of
the regulations, the effectiveness of the system is undermined by
noncompliance, manifested in the persistence of mistreatment, abandonment, and lack
of reproductive control. The main challenge lies in the unequal implementation at the
level of the Decentr
alized Autonomous Governments (GADs), many of which lack
specific ordinances and suffer from a critical shortage of resources and personnel.
The lack of dissemination and citizen education on responsible ownership is a crucial
factor that perpetuates the n
eglect of basic duties, such as pet registration or preventing
unsupervised roaming.
Therefore, the path toward harmonious coexistence and
compliance with the principle of Buen Vivir
(‘Good Living’)
requires a comprehensive
strategy that prioritizes mass s
terilization, ethical rescue, and continuous education,
beyond the mere enforcement of sanctions
Authors’ Contributions:
Conceptualization, JHV
-
R.; methodology, JHV
-
R., GAH
-
B, and
OME
-
Q.; software, JHV
-
R.; validation, CAC
-
C.; formal analysis, GBC
-
S.; inves
tigation, JHV
-
R.;
resources, JHV
-
R., GAH
-
B, and OME
-
Q.; writ
ing
original draft preparation, JHV
-
R.; wri
ting review
and editing, CAC
-
C
and GBC
-
S.; visualization, GAH
-
B; supervision, OME
-
Q. All authors have
read and agreed to the published version of the man
uscript.
Funding
:
This research did not receive external funding
.
Acknowledgments:
To the students of the Veterinary Medicine Program, 4
th
year, Sections A,
B, C, D, and F, of the 2
nd
cycle, Academic Period 2025
–
2026, at the Agrarian University of
Ecuador, for their contribution to the bibliographic search.
Conflict of Interest:
The authors d
eclare no conflict of interest.
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