Las comunidades de nematodos del suelo como indicadores medioambientales en plantaciones y bosques tropicales naturales de Ecuador
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https://doi.org/10.70881/mcj/v3/n4/86Palabras clave:
Nematodos del suelo, biodiversidad, plantaciones de teca, bosques naturales, bioindicadoresResumen
Los nematodos del suelo son componentes fundamentales de los ecosistemas terrestres y sirven como bioindicadores sensibles de la salud del suelo, pero su diversidad y funciones ecológicas en los bosques tropicales siguen sin estar suficientemente estudiadas. Este estudio caracterizó las comunidades de nematodos en bosques naturales y plantaciones de teca (Tectona grandis) en dos localidades de Ecuador («La María» y «La Represa»), evaluando la abundancia, la diversidad y los índices ecológicos. Se identificaron un total de 14 250 individuos, siendo Meloidogyne (43,16 %) y Pratylenchus (25,61 %) las familias dominantes, seguidas de Mononchus (12,28 %), mientras que Dorylaimus y Rhabditis representaron proporciones menores (9,47 %). Los índices de diversidad indicaron una diversidad media-alta (Shannon: 2,52-2,67) y una alta uniformidad, especialmente en los bosques naturales. El índice de madurez (IM) puso de relieve diferencias significativas entre los sistemas, con valores más altos en los bosques naturales (3,02-3,4), lo que sugiere una mayor estabilidad y menos perturbaciones en comparación con las plantaciones (3,0-3,2), lo que reflejaba la prevalencia de taxones colonizadores. A pesar de la mayor abundancia en las plantaciones, los bosques naturales presentaban estructuras tróficas más equilibradas y una mayor estabilidad ecológica. Estos hallazgos concuerdan con la evidencia global de que la intensificación del uso de la tierra reduce la biodiversidad del suelo y la complejidad trófica. En general, las comunidades de nematodos en los suelos tropicales ecuatorianos proporcionan indicadores sólidos de la integridad ecológica, lo que pone de relieve la importancia de conservar los bosques naturales e integrar métricas basadas en los nematodos en las estrategias de gestión y restauración sostenibles de la tierra en las regiones tropicales.
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Derechos de autor 2025 Daniel Vera Aviles, Christian Mendoza Hernández, Evelin Burgos Chiriguay (Autor/a)
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